BEGLA 135 Note

First, let me say one thing: that we are not going through every part of Block Three. Here we emphasize only important areas where you find it a little difficult to understand the concept.

The entire block, three, is divided into different sections, like listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Apart from that, it also looks at sub-skills of a language like grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. We emphasize only grammar, vocabulary, and some areas of writing. 

UNIT 01- THE MEDIA.

WRITING.

Writing a brief report.

As it comes under the writing section, they may ask a question to prepare a report for your exam. Therefore, you should understand how to prepare a brief report.

A report is something that happened in the past. Therefore, it is better to prepare the report in the simple past tense. 

When you prepare a brief report, include the following components: 

• Find out a purpose.

• Choose a heading. 

• Find out important points that are interested in the readers. 

• Create a context, scene, or setting.

• Create some (imaginary) characters.

• Create some incidences.

• Find out reason and consequence.

• Writing the simple past tense.

An example of the brief report has been given in your study material. Read the example and prepare a report yourself with an imaginary incident.

GRAMMAR

Present perfect tense.

STRUCTURE OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

RULE ONE: Present perfect tense uses to express something that happened at an unspecified time in the past. There is no mentioning of any specific past time like, last month, last year, yesterday night, the previous day, etc.
Example:-1. They have gone to DELHI.
This is an action that happened in the past but a specific time is not mentioned.
If you want to mention a specific past time you have to use a simple past. For example:- They went to the supermarket yesterday.

EXAMPLE:- 2. Anuradha has visited my school.
Here in the example also expresses that Anuradha visited the speaker’s school but did not mention a specific time.

RULE TWO: Adverbs like never, ever, already, yet, still, and just are usually used in the Present perfect tense.
Example:- 3. Raheem started the study in the last week, but still, she has not finished it. This example shows that the present perfect tense also uses to express an action that happened in the past but continued in the present time as well.

RULE THREE: Use of since and for in the present perfect tense. Present perfect tense also uses to express the situation that has happened in the past and continues to the present time with the help of since and for.
Example:- 4. I have known him since 2004.
Example:-.5. I have been here for five years.

Here since uses for a particular point of time for example- 9 o’clock, Sunday, 30th December, etc., and for uses for a duration of time for example- many years, three hours, four months, etc.

RULE FOUR: The present perfect tense also uses to express the past’s relation with the present.

For example:-6. I have cut my finger. The sentence shows that he cut his finger in the past time but the result of the cut still remaining there as it bleeds. The impact of the cut remaining in the present time as well. Therefore the present perfect tense also uses to express past and present relations.

Examples from the text.

Example:- 7. We have finished our breakfast and are ready to leave.

Example:- 8. She has repaired her bike. It is ready to be used.

Present perfect Continuous Tense.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

SUBJECT+HAS/HAVE+BEEN+-ing FORM OF THE VERB

SUBJECT	HAS/HAVE+BEEN	-ing FORM OF VERB
He	has been	running.
They	have been	talking.

RULE ONE ONE: Present Perfect Tense uses to express an action that happened in the past and continuing in the present.

For example ONE, I have been working for 4 hours. The sentence shows that the working has started four hours ago, but still, the action is continuing.

Example two, We have been traveling since four o’clock. It shows that they started their journey four hours ago but still, they are continuing their journey.

Examples from the text:

Example three, My cousin has been building his house for nearly one year.

RULE TWO: The present perfect continuous tense also uses to express the action that started in the past and stopped recently. Now there is the result of the action.

Example four, My grandfather has a backache. He has been watering the plants since morning. Watering is the action that grandfather started morning just now he has finished, but he got a backache.

Now, look at another example. The roads are full of water. It has been raining since morning.

PRONUNCIATION: STRESS.

Before we come across the stress it is necessary to understand the syllable. Because stress is associated with syllables. A syllable is a single unit of sound. Each word consists of more than one syllable. Based on the syllable, words can be categorized into four- monosyllabic word, disyllabic word, trisyllabic word, and polysyllabic word. We count syllables based on the number of vowels in a word. Have a look at the table given below:

WORDS	NUMBER OF VOWELS	SYLLABLES
Won.	One vowel.	Monosyllabic word ( won)
Today.	Two vowels.	Disyllabic words (to-day)
Policy.	Three vowels.	Trisyllabic words (po-li-cy)
Examination.	Five vowels.	Polysyllabic words (ex-a-mi-na-tion)

When we pronounce a word, we do not emphasise equally on each syllable. Some syllables have to be more emphasised than others. Such emphasis is known as stress. We can classify stress into two- primary stress and secondary stress. Usually primary stress marked by a small vertical super scripted line and secondary stress by sub-scripted small vertical line. For example, ‘Examination’ is a word with polysyllables. Here we have to emphasise or give a force on the syllable -na. eg:- /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃən/. There are several words have given in your study material, just practice with those words. This is the area where you need more attention. Therefore, please do additional reading in order to understand stress.

BLOCK 03- UNIT 02 Note.