1.2 Indian Classical Drama
- Indian Classical Drama has ancient roots, with its early elements found in the Vedas, particularly in hymns and rituals that involved dialogues.
- These dramatic components evolved over time, leading to a rich tradition of theatrical performances in India.
- A significant work in this tradition is the Natyashastra by Bharata Muni, written around the 3rd century CE.
- This comprehensive text provides guidelines on various aspects of drama, including acting, stage design, and music, and it attributes a divine origin to the art of drama, highlighting its sacred significance.
1.3 Sanskrit Drama
- Sanskrit Drama is a prominent form of Indian Classical Drama, performed in the Sanskrit language.
- According to the Natyashastra, the purpose of drama extends beyond mere entertainment; it aims to provide instruction, wealth, justice, and spiritual liberation.
- A key concept in Sanskrit drama is ‘Rasa,’ which refers to the emotional responses evoked in the audience.
- The Natyashastra outlines different types of plays, with ‘Nataka’ (based on myths and heroic tales) and ‘Prakarana’ (based on fictional stories with less prominent characters) being the major ones.
- Unique features of Sanskrit drama include its bilingual nature, where upper-caste characters speak in Sanskrit, while others use Prakrit languages, reflecting societal structures of the time.
- Additionally, unlike European traditions, Sanskrit drama included female actors, allowing for more diverse performances.
1.4 Classical Sanskrit Playwrights
- Several playwrights have significantly contributed to Sanskrit drama, enriching its legacy.
- Notable among them are Bhasa, Sudraka, Bhavabhuti, and Kalidasa.
- Each brought unique storytelling techniques and themes, drawing from epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, as well as from myths and historical legends.
- Their works have left a lasting impact on Indian literature and continue to be celebrated for their artistic and narrative excellence.
1.5 Bhasa
- Bhasa, who lived around the 3rd to 4th century CE, is one of the earliest known Sanskrit playwrights.
- For a long time, his plays were known only through references in other works until several of his manuscripts were discovered in the early 20th century.
- Bhasa often drew inspiration from the Mahabharata and Ramayana, sometimes deviating from traditional norms.
- For instance, his play Swapnavasavadatta tells the story of King Udayana’s love and political dilemmas.
- Notably, Bhasa was unafraid to depict tragic endings and on-stage violence, which was unconventional according to the Natyashastra.
1.6 Sudraka
- Sudraka, believed to have been a poet-king from the 2nd century CE, is best known for his play Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart).
- This ten-act drama narrates the love story between Charudatta, a noble but impoverished Brahmin, and Vasantasena, a wealthy courtesan.
- The play is renowned for its realistic portrayal of urban society and complex social structures.
- Sudraka’s works, including Mrichchhakatika, showcase a blend of romance and humor, offering insights into the societal norms of his time.
- Sudraka’s other works include Vinavasavadatta and Padmaprabhritaka. The 1984 Hindi movie Utsav, directed by Girish Karnad, is based on Mrichchhakatika.
1.7 Bhavabhuti
- Bhavabhuti, who flourished in the 8th century CE, served as the court poet for King Yashovarman of Kannauj.
- He is celebrated for his plays based on the Ramayana, such as Mahaviracharita (Exploits of a Great Hero) and Uttararāmacarita (The Later History of Rama).
- Another notable work is Malatimadhava, a romantic play that uniquely combines elements of horror and the supernatural.
- Bhavabhuti’s writings are characterized by their poetic beauty, deep emotions, and philosophical insights, contributing significantly to Sanskrit literature.
1.8 Kalidasa
- Kalidasa is often regarded as one of the greatest Sanskrit poets and dramatists.
- His works, including plays like Abhijñāna Shākuntalam (The Recognition of Shakuntala), Mālavikāgnimitram (Pertaining to Mālavikā and Agnimitra), and Vikramorvaśiyam (Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi), are celebrated for their poetic excellence and profound exploration of human emotions.
- Kalidasa’s influence extends beyond Indian literature, with his works being translated into numerous languages and adapted into various art forms worldwide.
These playwrights have collectively shaped the rich tapestry of Sanskrit drama, leaving a legacy that continues to inspire and captivate audiences.