Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on performing arts, specifically focusing on drama. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the nature and function of dramatic art. According to Natyashastra, drama is not just a form of entertainment but also a means of imparting knowledge, moral values, and spiritual enlightenment. Here are some key aspects of the nature and function of dramatic art as propagated by Bharat Muni:
- Performative Art: Drama is considered a performative art that involves various components such as dialogues, gestures, movements, facial expressions, dances, costumes, music, and stage setting. It is a visual and auditory experience that engages the senses of the audience.
- Rasa: The concept of Rasa is central to Bharat Muni’s understanding of drama. Rasa refers to the aesthetic sentiment or emotional response evoked in the audience through the play. It is the ultimate goal of drama and is achieved by creating a harmonious blend of various emotions such as love, joy, anger, fear, disgust, and wonder.
- Purpose of Drama: According to Natyashastra, the purpose of drama is not only to entertain but also to educate, provide moral guidance, and evoke a sense of spiritual liberation. Drama should inspire the audience to lead a virtuous life and attain higher consciousness.
- Representation of Characters: Bharat Muni emphasizes the importance of well-defined and relatable characters in drama. Characters should be portrayed realistically, with their emotions, motivations, and conflicts depicted convincingly. They should represent different social classes, genders, and age groups to reflect the diversity of human experiences.
- Plot Structure: Natyashastra outlines a specific plot structure for drama, consisting of five transitions or stages. These stages include the origin of the plot, the development of incidents, the progression towards the aim, the crisis or conflict, and the resolution or conclusion. This structure ensures a cohesive and engaging narrative.
- Language and Music: Bharat Muni emphasizes the use of Sanskrit as the language of drama, particularly for the upper-caste characters, while characters from other sections of society can speak in regional languages or Prakrit. Music and song are integral parts of drama, enhancing the emotional impact and creating a rhythmic flow.
- Audience Engagement: Drama is meant to be performed in front of an audience, and their engagement and participation are crucial. The ideal spectators, according to Natyashastra, should be educated and noble individuals from all castes, seated separately. The audience’s emotional response and appreciation of the play’s aesthetics contribute to the overall success of the performance.
In conclusion, Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra provides a comprehensive understanding of the nature and function of dramatic art. It emphasizes the performative aspect of drama, the importance of well-defined characters, the use of language and music, and the purpose of educating and enlightening the audience. The concept of Rasa and the specific plot structure outlined in Natyashastra continue to influence Indian dramatic traditions to this day.